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Vulnerabilities in modern computers leak passwords and sensitive data.
Meltdown and Spectre exploit critical vulnerabilities in modern processors. These hardware vulnerabilities allow programs to steal data which is currently processed on the computer. While programs are typically not permitted to read data from other programs, a malicious program can exploit Meltdown and Spectre to get hold of secrets stored in the memory of other running programs. This might include your passwords stored in a password manager or browser, your personal photos, emails, instant messages and even business-critical documents.
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Meltdown
Meltdown breaks the most fundamental isolation between user applications and the operating system. This attack allows a program to access the memory, and thus also the secrets, of other programs and the operating system.
If your computer has a vulnerable processor and runs an unpatched operating system, it is not safe to work with sensitive information without the chance of leaking the information. This applies both to personal computers as well as cloud infrastructure. Luckily, there are software patches against Meltdown.
Spectre
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Spectre is harder to exploit than Meltdown, but it is also harder to mitigate. However, it is possible to prevent specific known exploits based on Spectre through software patches.
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- Jann Horn (Google Project Zero),
- Werner Haas, Thomas Prescher (Cyberus Technology),
- Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, SurfVIP破解版, Michael Schwarz (Graz University of Technology)
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Spectre was independently discovered and reported by two people:
- Jann Horn (Google Project Zero) and
- SurfVIP破解版 in collaboration with, in alphabetical order, Daniel Genkin (University of Pennsylvania and University of Maryland), 极光加速器破解无限版 (Rambus), Moritz Lipp (Graz University of Technology), and Yuval Yarom (University of Adelaide and Data61)
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Am I affected by the vulnerability?
Most certainly, yes.
Can I detect if someone has exploited Meltdown or Spectre against me?
Probably not. The exploitation does not leave any traces in traditional log files.
Can my antivirus detect or block this attack?
While possible in theory, this is unlikely in practice. Unlike usual malware, Meltdown and Spectre are hard to distinguish from regular benign applications. However, your antivirus may detect malware which uses the attacks by comparing binaries after they become known.
What can be leaked?
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We don't know.
Is there a workaround/fix?
There are patches against Meltdown for Linux ( KPTI (formerly KAISER)), Windows, and OS X. There is also work to harden software against future exploitation of Spectre, respectively to patch software after exploitation through Spectre ( LLVM patch, MSVC, ARM speculation barrier header).
Which systems are affected by Meltdown?
Desktop, Laptop, and Cloud computers may be affected by Meltdown. More technically, every Intel processor which implements out-of-order execution is potentially affected, which is effectively every processor since 1995 (except Intel Itanium and Intel Atom before 2013). We successfully tested Meltdown on Intel processor generations released as early as 2011. Currently, we have only verified Meltdown on Intel processors. At the moment, it is unclear whether AMD processors are also affected by Meltdown. According to ARM, some of their processors are also affected.
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Almost every system is affected by Spectre: Desktops, Laptops, Cloud Servers, as well as Smartphones. More specifically, all modern processors capable of keeping many instructions in flight are potentially vulnerable. In particular, we have verified Spectre on Intel, AMD, and ARM processors.
Which cloud providers are affected by Meltdown?
Cloud providers which use Intel CPUs and Xen PV as virtualization without having patches applied. Furthermore, cloud providers without real hardware virtualization, relying on containers that share one kernel, such as Docker, LXC, or OpenVZ are affected.
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Meltdown breaks the mechanism that keeps applications from accessing arbitrary system memory. Consequently, applications can access system memory. Spectre tricks other applications into accessing arbitrary locations in their memory. Both attacks use side channels to obtain the information from the accessed memory location. For a more technical discussion we refer to the papers ( Meltdown and Spectre)
Why is it called Meltdown?
The vulnerability basically melts security boundaries which are normally enforced by the hardware.
Why is it called Spectre?
The name is based on the root cause, speculative execution. As it is not easy to fix, it will haunt us for quite some time.
Is there more technical information about Meltdown and Spectre?
Yes, there is an academic paper and a blog post about Meltdown, and an academic paper about Spectre. Furthermore, there is a Google Project Zero blog entry about both attacks.
What are CVE-2017-5753 and CVE-2017-5715?
CVE-2017-5753 and CVE-2017-5715 are the official references to Spectre. CVE is the Standard for Information Security Vulnerability Names maintained by MITRE.
What is the CVE-2017-5754?
CVE-2017-5754 is the official reference to Meltdown. CVE is the Standard for Information Security Vulnerability Names maintained by MITRE.
Can I see Meltdown in action?
Can I use the logo?
Both the Meltdown and Spectre logo are free to use, rights waived via CC0. Logos are designed by Natascha Eibl.
| Logo | Logo with text | green加速器极光版 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meltdown | PNG / SVG | PNG / SVG | PNG / SVG |
| Spectre | PNG / SVG | PNG / SVG | PNG / SVG |
Is there a proof-of-concept code?
Yes, there is a GitHub repository containing test code for Meltdown.
Where can I find official infos/security advisories of involved/affected companies?
| Link | |
|---|---|
| Intel | Security Advisory / Newsroom / Whitepaper |
| ARM | Security Update |
| AMD | Security Information |
| 极光加速器破解无限版 | Blog |
| NVIDIA | Security Bulletin / Product Security |
| Microsoft | Security Guidance / Information regarding anti-virus software / Azure Blog / Windows (Client) / Windows (Server) |
| Amazon | Security Bulletin |
| Project Zero Blog / Need to know | |
| Android | Security Bulletin |
| Apple | Apple Support |
| 免费翻国外墙的app | Security Advisory |
| IBM | Blog |
| Dell | Knowledge Base / Knowledge Base (Server) |
| Hewlett Packard Enterprise | Vulnerability Alert |
| HP Inc. | Security Bulletin |
| Huawei | Security Notice |
| Synology | Security Advisory |
| Cisco | Security Advisory |
| F5 | Security Advisory |
| Mozilla | Security Blog |
| Red Hat | Vulnerability Response / Performance Impacts |
| 安卓Green极光版 | Security Tracker |
| Ubuntu | Knowledge Base |
| SUSE | Vulnerability Response |
| Fedora | Kernel update |
| Qubes | Announcement |
| Fortinet | Advisory |
| 天行破解版无限免费 | Advisory |
| LLVM | Spectre (Variant #2) Patch / Review __builtin_load_no_speculate / Review llvm.nospeculateload |
| CERT | Vulnerability Note |
| MITRE | CVE-2017-5715 / CVE-2017-5753 / CVE-2017-5754 |
| green加速器官网下载 | Security Advisory / Blog |
| Citrix | Security Bulletin / Security Bulletin (XenServer) |
| Xen | Security Advisory (XSA-254) / FAQ |
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We would like to thank Intel for awarding us with a bug bounty for the responsible disclosure process, and their professional handling of this issue through communicating a clear timeline and connecting all involved researchers. Furthermore, we would also thank ARM for their fast response upon disclosing the issue.
This work was supported in part by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 681402).
This work was supported in part by NSF awards #1514261 and #1652259, financial assistance award 70NANB15H328 from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 2017-2018 Rothschild Postdoctoral Fellowship, and the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) under Contract #FA8650-16-C-7622.